Introduction to Ancient Assam

1.1 Etymology of Assam

• • • The name “Assam” originates from the Sanskrit word ‘Asom’, which means Unparalleled or Peerless, denoting the region’s uniqueness and exceptional nature.

    • The Ahom rulers described the region as “Nung Dun Chum Kham”, meaning the “Country of Golden Gardens”, highlighting its fertile land and natural beauty.

1.2 Mythological Significance of Assam

• • • In Hindu mythology, Assam is referred to as Pragjyotishpura, which translates to the “City of Eastern Lights”.

    • It is believed that this is the site where Lord Brahma created the stars, establishing its celestial association in Indian mythology.

    • Ancient texts like the Kalika Purana and Yogini Tantra link Assam with numerous mythical tales, especially centered around the Kamakhya Temple and Shaktism.

1.3 Early Dynasties and Capitals of Assam

• • • Assam’s early political history starts with the Danava Dynasty, whose first recorded ruler was Mahiranga Danava.

      • He was succeeded by Hatakasur, Sambasur, and Ratnasur.

    • Later came Ghatakasur, a Kirata chief, marking the presence of indigenous tribal rulers.

    • The legendary king Narakasura established his capital at Pragjyotishpura (modern-day Guwahati), and his rule was followed by his son Bhagadatta.

    • These rulers are extensively mentioned in the Puranas, Tantras, and epics like the Mahabharata.

1.4 Historical Division of Assam’s Past

Assam’s long historical journey can be categorized into four major eras:

1. 1. 1. Ancient Era (4th Century – 12th Century)

         • Began with the mention of Kamarupa in Samudragupta’s Allahabad Pillar Inscription.

         • Dominated by powerful dynasties such as the Varmans, Salasthambhas, and Palas.

      2. Medieval Era (13th Century – Early 19th Century)

         • Initiated with Bakhtiyar Khilji’s invasion in 1206.

         • Period marked by the emergence of regional kingdoms, especially the Ahom Dynasty (1228–1826).

      3. Colonial Era (1826–1947)

         • Started with the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826 which led to British annexation.

      4. Post-Colonial Era (Post-1947)

         • Began with India’s independence, marking a new phase in Assam’s political, social, and cultural landscape.