Important Articles of the Constitution

Part I – The Union and its Territory (Articles 1–4)

Article 1 – Name and Territory of India

• • Declares that “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.”

Articles 2–4 – Formation and Reorganisation of States

• • Deal with the admission, establishment, formation, alteration, and reorganisation of States and Union Territories.

Part II – Citizenship (Articles 5–11)

Articles 5–11 – Citizenship

• • Define the provisions relating to Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution.
  • Empower Parliament to enact laws regarding Citizenship.

Part III – Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35)

Preliminary Provisions

Article 12 – Definition of the State

• • Defines the term “State” for the purpose of enforcing Fundamental Rights.

Article 13 – Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights

• • Declares that any law inconsistent with or violating Fundamental Rights shall be void to the extent of such inconsistency.

Right to Equality (Articles 14–18)

Article 14 – Equality Before Law

• • Guarantees Equality Before Law and Equal Protection of Laws.

Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination

• • Prohibits discrimination on the grounds of:
    
    • Religion
    • Race
    • Caste
    • Sex
    • Place of Birth

Article 16 – Equality of Opportunity

• • Ensures Equal Opportunity in matters relating to Public Employment.

Article 17 – Abolition of Untouchability

• • Abolishes Untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form.

Article 18 – Abolition of Titles

• • Abolishes Titles, except Military and Academic Distinctions.

Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22)

Article 19 – Protection of Six Fundamental Freedoms

• • Guarantees freedoms relating to:
    
    • Speech and Expression
    • Assembly
    • Association
    • Movement
    • Residence
    • Profession/Occupation

Article 20 – Protection in Criminal Cases

• • Provides protection against:
    
    • Ex-post facto laws
    • Double Jeopardy
    • Self-incrimination

Article 21 – Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

• • Guarantees that no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.

Article 21A – Right to Education

• • Provides Free and Compulsory Education to children between 6 and 14 years.

Article 22 – Protection Against Arrest and Detention

• • Provides safeguards against Arbitrary Arrest and Preventive Detention.

Right Against Exploitation (Articles 23–24)

Article 23 – Prohibition of Human Trafficking

• • Prohibits:
    
    • Human Trafficking
    • Forced Labour (Begar)
    • Other Similar Forms of Exploitation

Article 24 – Prohibition of Child Labour

• • Prohibits the employment of Children below 14 years in Factories, Mines, and Hazardous Occupations.

Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28)

Article 25 – Freedom of Religion

• • Guarantees:
    
    • Freedom of Conscience
    • Profession
    • Practice
    • Propagation of Religion

Article 26 – Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs

• • Grants every Religious Denomination the right to manage its own religious affairs.

Article 27 – Freedom from Religious Taxation

• • Prohibits compelling any person to pay taxes for promoting a particular religion.

Article 28 – Religious Instruction in Educational Institutions

• • Regulates Religious Instruction and Religious Worship in educational institutions receiving State aid.

Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30)

Article 29 – Protection of Minority Interests

• • Protects the Language, Script, and Culture of minorities.

Article 30 – Minority Educational Institutions

• • Grants Religious and Linguistic Minorities the right to establish and administer educational institutions.

Saving of Certain Laws (Articles 31A–31C)

Article 31A

• • Protects laws relating to the Acquisition of Estates and specified agrarian reforms.

Article 31B

• • Validates laws placed under the Ninth Schedule, protecting them from judicial challenge.

Article 31C

• • Protects laws enacted to implement certain Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs).

Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32–35)

Article 32 – Heart and Soul of the Constitution

• • Empowers individuals to approach the Supreme Court for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.

Article 33 – Modification of Fundamental Rights

• • Empowers Parliament to restrict or modify Fundamental Rights of:
    
    • Armed Forces
    • Police Forces
    • Intelligence Organisations
    • Other similar services.

Article 34 – Fundamental Rights During Martial Law

• • Permits restrictions on Fundamental Rights where Martial Law is in force.

Article 35 – Parliament’s Legislative Power

• • Authorises Parliament to enact laws for giving effect to specified provisions of Fundamental Rights.

Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36–51)

Introductory Provision

Article 36 – Definition

• • Defines the term “State” for the purposes of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs).

Article 37 – Nature of DPSPs

• • Declares that DPSPs are not enforceable by Courts, but are Fundamental in the Governance of the Country.

Social and Economic Justice

Article 38 – Social Order

• • Directs the State to promote the Welfare of the People by securing a Social Order based on Justice.

Article 39 – Principles of State Policy

• • Directs the State to ensure:
    
    • Adequate Livelihood
    • Equal Pay for Equal Work
    • Prevention of Concentration of Wealth
    • Protection of Children and Workers

Article 39A – Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid

• • Ensures Equal Justice and provides Free Legal Aid to weaker sections.

Article 40 – Organisation of Village Panchayats

• • Directs the State to establish Village Panchayats as units of Local Self-Government.

Article 41 – Right to Work, Education and Public Assistance

• • Directs the State to provide:
    
    • Right to Work
    • Right to Education
    • Public Assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness, and disability.

Article 42 – Humane Conditions of Work

• • Provides for:
    
    • Just and Humane Working Conditions
    • Maternity Relief

Article 43 – Living Wage

• • Directs the State to secure a Living Wage, decent standard of life, and social opportunities for workers.

Article 43A – Workers’ Participation

• • Encourages Workers’ Participation in the Management of Industries.

Article 43B – Cooperative Societies

• • Directs the State to promote:
    
    • Voluntary Formation
    • Autonomous Functioning
    • Democratic Control
    • Professional Management of Co-operative Societies.

Article 44 – Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

• • Directs the State to endeavour to secure a Uniform Civil Code for all citizens.

Article 45 – Early Childhood Care

• • Directs the State to provide Early Childhood Care and Education for children below six years of age.

Article 46 – Welfare of Weaker Sections

• • Promotes the Educational and Economic Interests of:
    
    • Scheduled Castes (SCs)
    • Scheduled Tribes (STs)
    • Other Weaker Sections

Article 47 – Nutrition and Public Health

• • Makes it the duty of the State to:
    
    • Improve the Level of Nutrition
    • Raise the Standard of Living
    • Improve Public Health

Article 48 – Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

• • Directs the State to organise Agriculture and Animal Husbandry on modern and scientific lines.

Article 48A – Environment Protection

• • Directs the State to:
    
    • Protect and Improve the Environment
    • Safeguard Forests and Wildlife

Article 49 – Protection of National Monuments

• • Directs the State to preserve Monuments, Places, and Objects of National Importance.

Article 50 – Separation of Judiciary from Executive

• • Directs the State to ensure the Separation of the Judiciary from the Executive in public services.

Article 51 – International Peace

• • Directs the State to promote:
    
    • International Peace and Security
    • Respect for International Law
    • Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes

Part IVA – Fundamental Duties

Article 51A – Fundamental Duties

• • Enumerates the Fundamental Duties of every Citizen of India.
  • These duties were incorporated through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, with one additional duty added later by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002.

Part V – The Union

Chapter I – The Executive

The President of India

Article 52 – President of India

• • Provides for the Office of the President, the Constitutional Head of the Union.

Article 53 – Executive Power of the Union

• • Vests the Executive Power of the Union in the President, to be exercised in accordance with the Constitution.

Article 54 – Election of the President

• • Prescribes the Electoral College and the procedure for the election of the President.

Article 61 – Impeachment of the President

• • Lays down the Procedure for Impeachment of the President for Violation of the Constitution.

The Vice-President of India

Article 63 – Vice-President of India

• • Provides for the Office of the Vice-President of India.

Article 64 – Ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

• • Declares the Vice-President as the Ex-officio Chairman of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

Article 65 – Acting President

• • Authorises the Vice-President to act as the President during:
    
    • Vacancy in the Office of the President
    • Absence or inability of the President to discharge duties

Article 66 – Election of the Vice-President

• • Prescribes the Election Procedure of the Vice-President.

Pardoning Power

Article 72 – Power of Pardon

• • Empowers the President to:
    
    • Grant Pardons
    • Suspend Sentences
    • Remit Punishments
    • Commute Sentences
    • Reprieve and Respite in specified cases.

Council of Ministers

Article 74 – Council of Ministers

• • Provides for a Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise the President.

Attorney General of India

Article 76 – Attorney General

• • Provides for the appointment and functions of the Attorney General for India, the Highest Law Officer of the Union Government.

Chapter II – Parliament

Constitution and Composition

Article 79 – Constitution of Parliament

• • Declares that Parliament consists of:
    
    • The President
    • Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
    • Lok Sabha (House of the People)

Article 80 – Composition of Rajya Sabha

• • Deals with the Composition of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha).

Article 81 – Composition of Lok Sabha

• • Deals with the Composition of the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

Article 83 – Duration of Parliament

• • Prescribes the Term of the Houses of Parliament.

Article 84 – Qualification for Membership

• • Specifies the Qualifications required to become a Member of Parliament.

Parliamentary Sessions

Article 85 – Sessions of Parliament

• • Deals with:
    
    • Summoning
    • Prorogation
    • Dissolution of the Lok Sabha

Article 86 – Presidential Address & Messages

• • Grants the President the right to:
    
    • Address either House
    • Send Messages to Parliament

Article 87 – Special Address

• • Provides for the Special Address by the President to Parliament.

Ministers and Parliamentary Officers

Article 88 – Rights of Ministers & Attorney General

• • Grants Ministers and the Attorney General the right to participate in Parliamentary proceedings, though they may not always vote.

Article 89 – Chairman & Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha

• • Provides for the offices of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States.

Article 90 – Vacation, Resignation & Removal of Deputy Chairman

• • Prescribes the procedure relating to the Vacation, Resignation, and Removal of the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.

Article 93 – Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

• • Provides for the offices of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

Article 94 – Vacation, Resignation & Removal of Speaker

• • Deals with the Vacation, Resignation, and Removal of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Article 95 – Duties of the Deputy Speaker

• • Authorises the Deputy Speaker or another designated member to perform the duties of the Speaker, when necessary.

Parliamentary Administration

Article 98 – Secretariat of Parliament

• • Provides for the Independent Secretariat of Parliament.

Article 99 – Oath or Affirmation

• • Requires every Member of Parliament to take an Oath or Affirmation before assuming office.

Article 100 – Voting in Parliament

• • Deals with:
    
    • Voting Procedure
    • Quorum
    • Validity of proceedings despite Vacancies

Parliamentary Privileges

Article 105 – Powers & Privileges

• • Defines the Powers, Privileges, and Immunities of:
    
    • Both Houses of Parliament
    • Members
    • Committees

Article 106 – Salaries & Allowances

• • Provides for the Salaries and Allowances of Members of Parliament.

Legislative Procedure

Article 107 – Introduction & Passing of Bills

• • Lays down the Procedure for Introduction and Passing of Ordinary Bills.

Article 108 – Joint Sitting of Parliament

• • Provides for a Joint Sitting of both Houses to resolve legislative deadlocks.

Article 109 – Special Procedure for Money Bills

• • Prescribes the Special Legislative Procedure applicable to Money Bills.

Article 110 – Definition of Money Bill

• • Defines what constitutes a Money Bill.

Financial Procedure

Article 112 – Annual Financial Statement

• • Provides for the presentation of the Union Budget (Annual Financial Statement).

Article 113 – Procedure Regarding Estimates

• • Deals with Parliamentary Procedure relating to Budget Estimates.

Article 114 – Appropriation Bills

• • Provides for Appropriation Bills authorising expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.

Article 115 – Supplementary, Additional & Excess Grants

• • Deals with:
    
    • Supplementary Grants
    • Additional Grants
    • Excess Grants

Article 116 – Votes on Account & Exceptional Grants

• • Provides for:
    
    • Vote on Account
    • Vote of Credit
    • Exceptional Grants

Article 117 – Financial Bills

• • Prescribes the Special Procedure relating to Financial Bills.

Parliamentary Procedure

Article 118 – Rules of Procedure

• • Empowers each House to frame its own Rules of Procedure.

Article 119 – Regulation of Financial Business

• • Empowers Parliament to regulate the Procedure relating to Financial Business.

Article 120 – Language in Parliament

• • Specifies the Language to be used during Parliamentary Proceedings.

Article 121 – Restriction on Discussion

• • Prohibits discussion regarding the Conduct of Judges except during Impeachment Proceedings.

Article 122 – Validity of Parliamentary Proceedings

• • Bars Courts from inquiring into the Proceedings of Parliament on procedural grounds.

Chapter III – Legislative Powers of the President

Article 123 – Ordinance Making Power

• • Empowers the President to Promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in Session.

Chapter IV – The Union Judiciary

Supreme Court

Article 124 – Establishment of Supreme Court

• • Provides for the Establishment and Constitution of the Supreme Court of India.

Article 125 – Salaries of Judges

• • Deals with the Salaries, Allowances, and Service Conditions of Supreme Court Judges.

Article 126 – Acting Chief Justice

• • Provides for the appointment of an Acting Chief Justice of India.

Article 127 – Ad-hoc Judges

• • Provides for the appointment of Ad-hoc Judges to the Supreme Court.

Article 128 – Attendance of Retired Judges

• • Permits Retired Supreme Court Judges to sit and act as Judges of the Supreme Court with consent.

Article 129 – Court of Record

• • Declares the Supreme Court as a Court of Record with the power to punish for Contempt of Court.

Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Article 130 – Seat of the Supreme Court

• • Specifies the Seat of the Supreme Court.

Article 131 – Original Jurisdiction

• • Confers Original Jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court in specified disputes.

Article 132 – Appellate Jurisdiction (Constitutional Matters)

• • Provides Appellate Jurisdiction in cases involving Constitutional Questions.

Article 133 – Appellate Jurisdiction (Civil Matters)

• • Deals with Appeals in Civil Cases from the High Courts.

Article 134 – Appellate Jurisdiction (Criminal Matters)

• • Deals with Appeals in Criminal Cases.

Article 134A – Certificate for Appeal

• • Provides for the grant of a Certificate for Appeal to the Supreme Court.

Article 135 – Jurisdiction under Existing Laws

• • Continues the Jurisdiction and Powers earlier exercisable by the Federal Court, subject to existing laws.

Article 136 – Special Leave Petition (SLP)

• • Empowers the Supreme Court to grant Special Leave to Appeal against judgments of any court or tribunal (except military tribunals).

Article 137 – Review Jurisdiction

• • Empowers the Supreme Court to Review its own Judgments and Orders.

Article 138 – Enlargement of Jurisdiction

• • Permits Parliament to extend the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Article 141 – Law Declared by Supreme Court

• • Declares that the Law laid down by the Supreme Court is Binding on all Courts in India.

Article 143 – Advisory Jurisdiction

• • Empowers the President to seek the Opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of Public Importance.

Article 144 – Civil & Judicial Authorities

• • Mandates that All Civil and Judicial Authorities shall Act in Aid of the Supreme Court.

Chapter V – Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India

Constitutional Authority

Article 148 – Comptroller and Auditor General of India

• • Provides for the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India, the Supreme Audit Authority of the country.

Article 149 – Duties and Powers of the CAG

• • Defines the Duties, Powers, and Functions of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Part VI – The States (Articles 152–237)

State Government

Articles 152–237 – Government at the State Level

These Articles deal comprehensively with the Constitutional Framework of State Governments, including:

• • The State Executive
  • The State Legislature
  • High Courts
  • Subordinate Courts

Part VIII – The Union Territories (Articles 239–241)

Union Territories

Articles 239–241

• • Deal with the Administration, Governance, and Constitutional Provisions relating to the Union Territories (UTs).

Part IX – The Panchayats (Articles 243–243O)

Panchayati Raj Institutions

Articles 243–243O

• • Provide the Constitutional Status to the Panchayati Raj System, establishing Rural Local Self-Government.

Part IXA – The Municipalities (Articles 243P–243ZG)

Urban Local Government

Articles 243P–243ZG

• • Contain provisions relating to:
    
    • Municipal Corporations
    • Municipal Councils
    • Nagar Panchayats
    • Urban Local Self-Government Institutions

Part IXB – Co-operative Societies (Articles 243ZH–243ZT)

Cooperative Institutions

Articles 243ZH–243ZT

• • Deal with the Incorporation, Regulation, Democratic Functioning, and Management of Co-operative Societies.

Part X – Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244–244A)

Special Administrative Areas

Articles 244–244A

• • Contain Special Provisions relating to:
    
    • Scheduled Areas
    • Tribal Areas
    • Autonomous Administration in specified tribal regions.

Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States (Articles 245–263)

Centre–State Relations

Articles 245–263

• • Regulate the Legislative, Administrative, and Executive Relations between the Union and the States.

Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits (Articles 264–300A)

Financial Relations

Articles 264–300

These Articles deal with:

• • Distribution of Revenue between the Union and States
  • Finance Commission
  • Government Property
  • Contracts
  • Borrowing Powers
  • Rights, Liabilities, Obligations, and Suits

Right to Property

Article 300A – Right to Property

• • Provides that No person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law.
  • It is a Legal Right, not a Fundamental Right.

Part XIII – Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within India (Articles 301–307)

Freedom of Trade

Articles 301–307

• • Guarantee the Freedom of Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse throughout the Territory of India, subject to constitutional restrictions.

Part XIV – Services under the Union and the States (Articles 308–323)

Civil Services

Article 309 – Recruitment and Conditions of Service

• • Empowers the appropriate authority to regulate the Recruitment and Conditions of Service of persons serving the Union or the States.

Article 310 – Doctrine of Pleasure

• • Provides that Civil Servants hold office during the pleasure of the President or Governor, subject to constitutional safeguards.

Article 311 – Safeguards to Civil Servants

• • Provides protection against Dismissal, Removal, or Reduction in Rank without following the prescribed procedure.

Public Service Commissions

Article 312 – All India Services

• • Empowers the creation of All India Services common to the Union and the States.

Article 315 – Public Service Commissions

• • Provides for the establishment of:
    
    • Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
    • State Public Service Commissions (SPSCs)

Article 316 – Appointment and Tenure

• • Deals with the Appointment and Term of Office of Chairpersons and Members of the Public Service Commissions.

Article 317 – Removal and Suspension

• • Prescribes the procedure for the Removal and Suspension of the Chairperson or Members of a Public Service Commission.

Article 318 – Service Conditions

• • Empowers the appropriate authority to regulate the Conditions of Service of the Members and Staff of the Public Service Commissions.

Article 320 – Functions of Public Service Commissions

• • Defines the Functions and Responsibilities of the UPSC and State PSCs.

Article 321 – Additional Functions

• • Enables Parliament or the State Legislature to confer Additional Functions on the Public Service Commissions.

Article 323 – Annual Reports

• • Requires the Public Service Commissions to submit Annual Reports to the President or the Governor, as applicable.

Part XIVA – Tribunals (Articles 323A–323B)

Administrative and Other Tribunals

Articles 323A–323B

• • Provide for the establishment of Administrative Tribunals and Other Specialised Tribunals for speedy adjudication of specified disputes.

Part XV – Elections (Articles 324–329)

Election Commission

Article 324 – Superintendence of Elections

• • Vests the Superintendence, Direction, and Control of elections in the Election Commission of India (ECI).

Article 325 – One General Electoral Roll

• • Prohibits exclusion from the Electoral Roll on grounds of:
    
    • Religion
    • Race
    • Caste
    • Sex

Article 326 – Adult Suffrage

• • Provides for Universal Adult Suffrage as the basis for elections to:
    
    • Lok Sabha
    • State Legislative Assemblies

Article 327 – Parliament’s Power

• • Empowers Parliament to make laws relating to Elections.

Article 328 – State Legislature’s Power

• • Empowers the State Legislature to legislate on State Elections, subject to Parliamentary law.

Article 329 – Bar on Judicial Interference

• • Bars Courts from interfering in Electoral Matters, except through Election Petitions.

Part XVI – Special Provisions for Certain Classes (Articles 330–342)

Reservation and Special Safeguards

Articles 330–342

• • Contain Special Provisions relating to:
    
    • Scheduled Castes (SCs)
    • Scheduled Tribes (STs)
    • Anglo-Indians (where applicable historically)
    • Other specified categories.

Part XVII – Official Languages (Articles 343–351)

Language Provisions

Articles 343–351

• • Deal with:
    
    • Official Language of the Union
    • Regional Languages
    • Language of the Judiciary
    • Development and Promotion of Hindi

Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions (Articles 352–360)

Constitutional Emergencies

Articles 352–360

• • Contain provisions relating to:
    
    • National Emergency
    • President’s Rule (State Emergency)
    • Financial Emergency

Part XIX – Miscellaneous (Articles 361–367)

Miscellaneous Constitutional Provisions

Article 361A – Protection of Parliamentary Proceedings

• • Grants protection regarding the Publication of Proceedings of Parliament and State Legislatures.

Article 363 – Bar on Judicial Interference

• • Bars Courts from adjudicating disputes arising out of certain Pre-Constitution Treaties, Agreements, Covenants, Sanads, and Similar Instruments.

Article 363A – Abolition of Privy Purses

• • Abolishes the Recognition of Former Rulers of Indian States and their Privy Purses.

Article 364 – Major Ports and Aerodromes

• • Provides Special Provisions relating to Major Ports and Aerodromes.

Article 365 – Failure to Comply with Union Directions

• • Provides consequences when a State fails to comply with or give effect to directions issued by the Union, forming one of the constitutional bases for President’s Rule.

Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368)

Constitutional Amendment

Article 368

• • Empowers Parliament to Amend the Constitution and prescribes the Procedure for Constitutional Amendments.

Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions (Articles 369–392)

Special Constitutional Provisions

Articles 369–392

• • Contain Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions relating to specific States and other constitutional matters.

Part XXII – Short Title, Commencement, Authoritative Text in Hindi and Repeals (Articles 393–395)

Concluding Provisions

Articles 393–395

• • Deal with:
    
    • Short Title of the Constitution
    • Commencement
    • Authoritative Text in Hindi
    • Repeal of Earlier Constitutional Enactments

Schedules of the Indian Constitution

At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, it contained 8 Schedules. Subsequently, 4 additional Schedules were added through various Constitutional Amendments, taking the total number of Schedules to 12.

First Schedule : States and Union Territories

• Contains the Names, Territorial Boundaries, and Jurisdiction of the States and Union Territories of India.

Second Schedule : Constitutional Salaries, Allowances and Emoluments

The Second Schedule specifies the Salaries, Allowances, and Privileges of important Constitutional Authorities.

Part A

• Salary and Emoluments of the:
  
  • President of India
  • Governors of States

Part B

• Omitted.

Part C

• Salary and Allowances of the:
  
  • Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha
  • Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
  • Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the State Legislative Assemblies
  • Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the State Legislative Councils

Part D

• Salary and Emoluments of the:
  
  • Judges of the Supreme Court
  • Judges of the High Courts

Part E

• Salary and Emoluments of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India.

Third Schedule : Oaths and Affirmations

• Prescribes the Forms of Oaths and Affirmations to be taken by:
  
  • Union and State Ministers
  • Members of Parliament
  • Members of State Legislatures
  • Judges
  • Other Constitutional Functionaries.

Fourth Schedule : Allocation of Rajya Sabha Seats

• Specifies the Allocation of Seats in the Rajya Sabha among the States and Union Territories.

Fifth Schedule : Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes

• Contains provisions relating to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and the Welfare of Scheduled Tribes (STs).

Sixth Schedule : Tribal Areas of North-Eastern India

• Provides for the Administration of Tribal Areas in the North-Eastern States through Autonomous District Councils and Regional Councils.

Seventh Schedule : Distribution of Legislative Powers

• Divides legislative subjects between the Union and the States through:
  
  • Union List
  • State List
  • Concurrent List

Eighth Schedule : Recognised Languages

• Contains the list of 22 Languages officially recognised by the Constitution of India.

Ninth Schedule : Validation of Certain Laws

• Provides protection to specified Acts and Regulations from judicial challenge, primarily those relating to Land Reforms and other specified legislations.

Tenth Schedule : Anti-Defection Law

• Contains provisions relating to the Disqualification of Members on the ground of Defection.
• Introduced by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985.
• Subsequently strengthened through the 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003.

Eleventh Schedule : Panchayats

• Enumerates the Powers, Authority, and Responsibilities of Panchayats.
• Contains 29 Subjects over which Panchayats may exercise jurisdiction.
• Added by the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.

Twelfth Schedule : Municipalities

• Enumerates the Powers, Authority, and Responsibilities of Municipalities.
• Contains 18 Subjects entrusted to Urban Local Bodies.
• Added by the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992.