The early 20th century marked the rise of political awareness in Assam, shaped by:
The Assam Association leading early resistance and reform efforts.
Assam’s participation in the Swadeshi movement, with students playing key roles.
The establishment of a limited Legislative Council, which paved the way for future constitutional activism.
Formation and Role of Assam Association
Establishment:
The Assam Association was founded in 1903 as the first political organization in Assam.
It provided a platform for political dialogue among Assamese elites during British colonial rule.
Key Leaders:
Prominent founding figures included Manik Chandra Baruah and Nabin Chandra Bardoloi.
They played a vital role in promoting constitutional reforms and regional demands.
Opposition to Rowlatt Act (1919):
The Association strongly opposed the Rowlatt Act, which authorized detention without trial.
It aligned with pan-Indian protests against this draconian legislation.
Condemnation of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919):
Members publicly condemned the massacre and demanded action against General Dyer.
This act of brutality intensified nationalist sentiments in Assam.
Economic Protests:
The Association led agitations against the colonial grazing tax, which burdened peasants.
It also protested the opium monopoly, which harmed health and rural economies.
Swadeshi and Anti-Partition Movement
Response to Bengal Partition (1905):
Assam’s people strongly opposed the partition of Bengal, which merged it with East Bengal under a Lt. Governor at Dhaka.
Though Assam had limited representation, the move triggered regional resentment.
Student and Volunteer Participation:
Youth leaders like Ambikagiri Raychoudhury and Gobinda Lahiri mobilized support.
They spread Swadeshi ideals, held public meetings, and distributed literature.
Boycott and Swadeshi Institutions:
People joined the boycott of British goods as part of the Swadeshi Movement.
Efforts were made to establish Swadeshi-run schools and enterprises, promoting self-reliance.
Creation of Assam Legislative Council (1912)
Establishment and Composition:
In 1912, the Assam Legislative Council was created after Assam reverted to being a Chief Commissioner’s Province.
It had limited powers and consisted of 25 members, including:
The Chief Commissioner
13 nominated members
A few elected members representing municipalities, local boards, landlords, tea planters, and Muslims.
Criticism and Resignations:
The Council’s limited democratic structure led to public dissatisfaction.
Nationalist leaders like Tarun Ram Phukan and Phani Dhar Chaliha resigned in protest, demanding greater Indian representation.
Interest Group Representation:
Though limited, the Council gave some space to minorities and European planters.
However, it lacked genuine popular mandate, and its decisions mostly served colonial interests.