1. Introduction
National parks are designated areas meant for the protection and conservation of wildlife, biodiversity, and natural ecosystems. They play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and are vital for environmental sustainability.
Definition and Importance of National Parks
A. Definition
A National Park is a protected area established by the government, where activities like hunting, poaching, grazing, and deforestation are strictly prohibited to conserve wildlife and natural habitats.
B. Importance of National Parks
Biodiversity Conservation – Protects endangered species and their habitats.
Ecological Balance – Maintains natural ecosystems and food chains.
Climate Regulation – Helps in carbon sequestration and reducing global warming.
Scientific Research – Provides opportunities for ecological and wildlife studies.
Tourism and Economy – Promotes eco-tourism and generates revenue.
Cultural and Heritage Value – Some parks preserve historical and cultural sites.
Legal Framework (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972)
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 provides a legal framework for the protection of wildlife and the regulation of national parks in India.
Key Provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
Enactment Year | 1972 |
Objective | To protect wildlife and prevent poaching, illegal trade, and habitat destruction. |
Categories of Protected Areas | National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. |
Restrictions in National Parks | No human activities like hunting, grazing, or deforestation allowed. |
Authority Responsible | Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). |
Amendments | Updated over the years to include stricter penalties and better conservation measures. |
Role of National Parks in Conservation
National Parks play a critical role in the conservation of flora, fauna, and entire ecosystems.
A. Wildlife Protection
Provides a safe habitat for endangered and vulnerable species.
Prevents illegal hunting and poaching.
B. Habitat Preservation
Ensures the protection of forests, rivers, and wetlands.
Maintains ecological connectivity between different regions.
C. Climate Change Mitigation
Acts as carbon sinks, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Helps regulate local and regional climate.
D. Sustainable Development
Promotes eco-tourism, generating income while maintaining sustainability.
Supports indigenous communities by providing employment opportunities.
Assam’s Position in India’s Protected Areas Network
Assam has a total of 8 National Parks ;
- Kaziranga National Park.
- Manas National Park.
- Nameri National Park.
- Orang National Park.
- Dibru-Saikhowa National Park.
- Dehing Patkai National Park.
- Raimona National Park.
- Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park.
Parameter Details Total Number of National Parks in India 106 Total Number of National Parks in Assam 8 Percentage Contribution of Assam ~6.6% (According to total numbers in India)
~ 3.4% (Accordinng to the area of state covered)
Notable Species Protected One-Horned Rhinoceros, Bengal Tiger, Asian Elephant, Golden Langur Unique Features Part of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, rich in wetlands and grasslands
Detailed Description of Assam’s National Park
Kaziranga National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Situated in the northeastern state of Assam, India.
Districts Covered: Nagaon, Golaghat, Karbi Anglong, and Biswanath.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 26°30′N to 26°45′N and 93°05′E to 93°40′E.
Total Area: 1,090 sq. km (Core and Buffer Zone Combined).
Landscape Features:
Comprises grasslands, wetlands, and forests.
Located on the floodplains of the Brahmaputra River, leading to rich alluvial soil deposition.
2. Year of Establishment
Initially Declared as a Reserve Forest: 1905.
Upgraded to a Wildlife Sanctuary: 1950.
Declared a National Park: 1974 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Recognized as a Tiger Reserve: 2006 (part of Project Tiger).
3. UNESCO World Heritage Status
Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site: 1985.
Reason for Recognition:
Home to the largest population of the Indian one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis).
Exceptional biodiversity, including tigers, elephants, and swamp deer.
Unique ecosystem consisting of floodplain grasslands, swamps, and wetlands.
4. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Alluvial Inundated Grasslands (dominant vegetation, vital for rhinos and herbivores).
Tropical Moist Mixed Deciduous Forests.
Semi-Evergreen Forests (on higher elevations).
Wetlands and Marshy Swamps (due to seasonal flooding).
Dominant Plant Species:
Grasslands: Elephant grass, Saccharum spp., Arundo donax.
Trees: Indian gooseberry, cotton tree, elephant apple, ficus species.
Aquatic Vegetation: Water hyacinth, water lilies, lotus.
B. Fauna
Mammals (35+ species)
Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros (Largest population in the world).
Royal Bengal Tiger (Declared Tiger Reserve in 2006).
Asian Elephant (Kaziranga is part of the Elephant Reserve network).
Swamp Deer (Barasingha).
Wild Buffalo (Important stronghold for the species).
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
Over 490 species of birds, including migratory birds from Central Asia and Europe.
Key Bird Species: Pelicans, Black-necked Stork, Greater Adjutant Stork, Fishing Eagles, Bengal Florican.
Reptiles & Amphibians
Assam Roofed Turtle, Reticulated Python, King Cobra, Indian Rock Python, Monitor Lizard.
Fish Species
Over 40 species, including the Golden Mahseer and various riverine fish.
5. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Brahmaputra River:
Forms the northern boundary of Kaziranga.
Leads to annual flooding, enriching soil nutrients but also causing habitat destruction.
Other Important Rivers:
Diphlu River (passes through the park, crucial for wildlife).
Mora Diphlu, Dhansiri, Diffloo (tributaries of the Brahmaputra).
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
Predominantly flat floodplains with grassy meadows, wetlands, and dense forests.
Elevated sandbars and islands act as safe zones for animals during floods.
Climate:
Tropical Monsoon Climate.
High rainfall (2500-3000 mm annually), making it vulnerable to flooding.
Three seasons: Summer (hot and humid), Monsoon (heavy rainfall and flooding), Winter (dry and cool).
6. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Flooding (Annual Brahmaputra River Floods)
Causes loss of wildlife (especially rhinos, deer, and smaller mammals).
Forces animals to migrate towards Karbi Anglong hills, increasing human-wildlife conflict.
Poaching (Mainly for Rhino Horns)
Poachers target Indian rhinos for their horns, valued in illegal wildlife trade.
Anti-Poaching Measures: Increased patrolling, shoot-at-sight orders, use of drones and surveillance.
Encroachment and Habitat Loss
Expansion of human settlements near the park boundaries.
Illegal cattle grazing and land conversion for agriculture threaten biodiversity.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Wild animals (elephants, rhinos, tigers) enter villages, leading to crop destruction and loss of human life.
Mitigation Efforts: Elephant corridors, compensation schemes, electric fencing.
Tourism Pressure
Unregulated tourism can cause disturbance to wildlife and environmental degradation.
B. Conservation Successes
Rise in Rhino Population
Rhino population increased from 366 in 1966 to over 2,600 (2022 Census) due to strict conservation measures.
Poaching Reduction
2022 recorded the lowest poaching incidents (only 2 cases) due to anti-poaching strategies.
Eco-Tourism and Community Involvement
Kaziranga Model of Conservation: Local communities benefit from tourism revenue.
Use of Technology in Conservation
Drones, camera traps, GPS tracking for rhinos and tigers.
Recognition as a UNESCO Heritage Site and Tiger Reserve
Ensured international funding, legal protection, and conservation prioritization.
Manas National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Located in the western part of Assam, bordering Bhutan.
Districts Covered: Baksa, Chirang, and Kokrajhar districts of Assam.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 26°35′N to 27°05′N and 90°45′E to 91°15′E.
Total Area: 950 sq. km (Core Area), 2837 sq. km (Total including buffer zones).
Landscape Features:
Located at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas.
Acts as a transboundary conservation area with Royal Manas National Park (Bhutan).
2. Year of Establishment
Declared a Reserved Forest: 1907.
Became a Wildlife Sanctuary: 1928.
Declared a National Park: 1990 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Recognized as a Tiger Reserve: 1973 (One of India’s first Tiger Reserves under Project Tiger).
UNESCO World Heritage Site: 1985.
Biosphere Reserve: 1989.
Elephant Reserve: Part of Kameng–Manas Elephant Reserve.
3. UNESCO World Heritage Status
Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site: 1985.
Reasons for Recognition:
One of the richest biodiversity hotspots in India.
Only national park in India designated as a Tiger Reserve, Elephant Reserve, and Biosphere Reserve.
Unique terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with a mix of grasslands, forests, and riverine habitats.
4. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.
Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen Forests.
Alluvial Grasslands (similar to Kaziranga but more diverse).
Riparian Ecosystems (along the Manas River).
Dominant Plant Species:
Trees: Sal (Shorea robusta), Khasi Pine, Orchids, Indian Laurel.
Grasses: Barenga Grass, Elephant Grass, Imperata cylindrica.
Wetland Vegetation: Water hyacinth, aquatic lilies.
B. Fauna
Mammals (60+ species)
Flagship Species:
Royal Bengal Tiger (Highest tiger density in Assam).
Asian Elephant (part of a transboundary elephant corridor).
Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Reintroduced successfully after local extinction).
Clouded Leopard and Leopard Cat.
Golden Langur (Endemic and endangered).
Pygmy Hog (Critically Endangered, only found in Manas).
Hispid Hare (Rare and found in the grasslands).
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
Over 450 species of birds.
Key Bird Species: Bengal Florican (Critically Endangered), Great Hornbill, Black-necked Stork, Ibisbill.
Reptiles & Amphibians
Gharial, King Cobra, Assam Roofed Turtle, Monitor Lizard.
5. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Manas River:
Originates in Bhutan and flows through the park.
Forms several tributaries and oxbow lakes inside the park.
Vital for the riparian ecosystem and wildlife movement.
Other Rivers:
Beki, Hakua, Pathimari, all tributaries of the Brahmaputra.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
A mix of grasslands, foothills, and riverine areas.
Connected to Royal Manas National Park (Bhutan), allowing transboundary wildlife movement.
Climate:
Tropical Monsoon Climate.
Heavy Rainfall (2000-3000 mm annually), leading to seasonal flooding.
Winters: Cool and dry, best time for tourism and research.
6. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade
Poaching of tigers, rhinos, and elephants for their body parts.
Pygmy Hog and Hispid Hare populations under severe threat.
Strict patrolling and use of technology (drones, camera traps) have reduced poaching incidents.
Encroachment and Deforestation
Human settlements expanding around the park.
Illegal logging and grazing damaging forest habitats.
Conflict between conservation efforts and local livelihoods.
Political Disturbances (Bodoland Conflict)
The park was heavily affected by Bodo militancy in the 1990s and early 2000s.
Poachers took advantage of lawlessness, leading to local extinction of rhinos.
Peace agreements (2003, 2020) have helped restore conservation efforts.
Tourism and Overexploitation
Growing tourism is increasing human interference in fragile areas.
Strict eco-tourism policies have been introduced to regulate the impact.
B. Conservation Successes
Successful Rhino Reintroduction
Rhinos were locally extinct in the 1990s due to poaching.
Reintroduction program (Indian Rhino Vision 2020) successfully brought rhinos back.
Population increasing steadily due to anti-poaching efforts.
Manas as a Model for Transboundary Conservation
Connected to Royal Manas National Park (Bhutan), allowing safe migration of tigers, elephants, and other species.
Joint Conservation Initiatives between India and Bhutan have improved protection measures.
Community Participation in Conservation
Locals are now involved in eco-tourism and sustainable livelihoods (handicrafts, guiding, eco-lodges).
Reduced dependency on illegal activities like logging and hunting.
Recovery of the Pygmy Hog and Bengal Florican
Conservation breeding programs have helped stabilize these critically endangered species.
Pygmy Hog Conservation Program (PHCP) is successfully breeding and releasing hogs into the wild.
Nameri National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Located in the northern part of Assam, along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border.
District Covered: Sonitpur district, Assam.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 26°50′N to 27°03′N and 92°39′E to 92°55′E.
Total Area: 200 sq. km (Core Area).
Landscape Features:
Located at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas.
Shares its northern boundary with Pakke Tiger Reserve (Arunachal Pradesh).
Characterized by tropical evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, deciduous forests, and riverine grasslands.
2. Year of Establishment
Declared as a Reserved Forest: 1978.
Declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary: 1985.
Declared as a National Park: 1998.
Declared as a Tiger Reserve: 1999 under Project Tiger.
3. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Semi-Evergreen and Moist Deciduous Forests.
Tropical Rainforests in some patches.
Riverine Grasslands and Bamboo Groves along the riverbanks.
Dominant Plant Species:
Trees: Hollong (State Tree of Assam), Nahor, Agarwood, Gamari, Amari.
Grasses: Elephant Grass, Barenga Grass, and several aquatic plants.
Riverine Vegetation: Cane, Bamboo, and reeds along the Jia Bhoroli River.
B. Fauna
Mammals
Key Species:
Royal Bengal Tiger (Nameri is a part of the larger Kaziranga–Pakke tiger corridor).
Asiatic Elephant (Large population, often migrating from Arunachal Pradesh).
Indian Bison (Gaur).
Leopards and Clouded Leopards.
Sloth Bear.
Wild Boar, Sambar Deer, Barking Deer, and Hog Deer.
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
Over 370 species of birds recorded.
Key Bird Species:
White-winged Duck (Endangered, state bird of Assam).
Ruddy Kingfisher, Ibisbill, Wreathed Hornbill, Rufous-necked Hornbill.
Great Pied Hornbill, Blue-bearded Bee-eater, and Black Stork.
Reptiles & Amphibians
King Cobra, Indian Python, Monitor Lizard.
Assam Roofed Turtle and various frog species.
4. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Jia Bhoroli River:
Originates in Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Nameri.
One of the most important riverine ecosystems in Assam.
Supports diverse aquatic species and avifauna.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
A mix of hilly areas, grasslands, dense forests, and riverbanks.
The terrain is undulating with riverine islands and floodplains.
Climate:
Tropical Monsoon Climate with hot summers and cool winters.
Annual Rainfall: 2500-3000 mm, leading to seasonal floods.
5. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Frequent elephant raids on agricultural fields in villages surrounding the park.
Tiger and leopard attacks on cattle leading to tensions with locals.
Poaching and Illegal Fishing
Illegal hunting of birds and fishing along the Jia Bhoroli River.
Poaching of elephants for ivory and tigers for their body parts.
Deforestation and Encroachment
Timber smuggling and illegal logging in buffer areas.
Expansion of agricultural land leading to loss of habitat.
Impact of Floods and Erosion
Seasonal floods from Jia Bhoroli River damage wildlife habitats.
Soil erosion affects vegetation and animal migration.
B. Conservation Successes
Eco-tourism and Community Involvement
Villagers involved in eco-tourism activities like river rafting, birdwatching, and nature guiding.
Local youth employed as forest guards and wildlife monitors.
Tiger Population Recovery
Part of the Kaziranga–Pakke Tiger Corridor, ensuring safe movement of tigers.
Increase in camera-trap sightings of tigers.
Protection of White-Winged Duck and Hornbills
Declared an Important Bird Area (IBA) to conserve endangered avifauna.
Strict monitoring to prevent poaching of rare birds.
Anti-Poaching Measures
Deployment of armed forest guards to tackle poaching.
Night patrolling and drone surveillance introduced.
6. Eco-Tourism and Adventure Activities
River Rafting on Jia Bhoroli River: Organized by the Assam Tourism Department.
Birdwatching Tours: Best for spotting the White-winged Duck, Hornbills, and migratory birds.
Jungle Trekking & Nature Trails: One of the few national parks in Assam that allows walking safaris.
Fishing and Angling: Controlled fishing of Golden Mahseer (Tiger of Indian Rivers).
Orang National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Situated in northern Assam along the northern banks of the Brahmaputra River.
District Covered: Darrang and Sonitpur districts of Assam.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 26°29′N to 26°40′N and 92°15′E to 92°27′E.
Total Area: 79.28 sq. km (One of the smallest national parks in Assam).
Landscape Features:
Located in the alluvial floodplains of the Brahmaputra.
Consists of swamps, wetlands, riverine grasslands, semi-evergreen forests, and dry savannah woodlands.
2. Year of Establishment
Declared as a Game Reserve: 1915 (during British rule).
Declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary: 1985.
Declared as a National Park: 1999.
Declared as a Tiger Reserve: 2016 (49th Tiger Reserve of India).
3. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests.
Moist Deciduous Forests.
Wetland Vegetation and Riverine Grasslands.
Dominant Plant Species:
Trees: Sal, Simul, Teak, Arjun, Ajar, Outenga (Elephant Apple).
Grasses: Tall elephant grass, Barenga Grass, and aquatic plants.
Swamp & Wetland Vegetation: Reeds, cane, and aquatic species like water hyacinth.
B. Fauna
Mammals
Key Species:
Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Main attraction, with around 125+ individuals).
Royal Bengal Tiger (High tiger density relative to area).
Asiatic Elephant (Migrates between Orang and Kaziranga).
Pygmy Hog (Critically Endangered, unique to Assam).
Wild Boar, Hog Deer, Barking Deer, Sambar Deer.
Leopards and Civets.
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
Over 220 species of birds recorded.
Key Bird Species:
Spot-billed Pelican, Great White Pelican, Indian Skimmer.
Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Black-necked Stork, Bengal Florican (Critically Endangered).
Kingfishers, Egrets, Herons, and Migratory Waterfowl.
Reptiles & Amphibians
Gharial, Indian Python, King Cobra, Monitor Lizard.
Turtles and Freshwater Dolphins in Brahmaputra River.
4. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Brahmaputra River:
Forms the southern boundary of the park.
Crucial for the wetland ecosystem and floodplain ecology.
Supports a variety of fish species and riverine birds.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
Floodplain ecosystem with grasslands, swamps, and water bodies.
Seasonal flood dynamics influence habitat and wildlife movement.
Climate:
Tropical Monsoon Climate with hot summers and mild winters.
Annual Rainfall: 2500-3500 mm, leading to seasonal floods.
5. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Poaching of Rhinoceros and Tigers
Orang has faced severe poaching threats, especially for rhino horns.
The park was once called “Mini Kaziranga” but suffered due to poaching in the 1990s.
Organized poaching networks linked to international illegal wildlife trade.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Elephants raid crops, leading to conflicts with villagers.
Tiger attacks on livestock create hostility among locals.
Encroachment and Habitat Degradation
Illegal settlements around the park increase pressure on resources.
Deforestation and overgrazing by domestic cattle threaten the grasslands.
Flooding and Erosion by Brahmaputra
Annual floods submerge large portions of the park.
Soil erosion reduces habitat availability for key species.
B. Conservation Successes
Successful Rhino Conservation Efforts
Strict anti-poaching measures led to a rise in rhino numbers.
Population increased from 68 in 2006 to 125+ in recent years.
Decline in Poaching Cases
Deployment of armed forest guards and use of drones for monitoring.
Strong coordination with local communities and law enforcement.
Tiger Density Increased
Orang has one of the highest tiger densities in India (about 5-6 tigers per 100 sq. km).
Part of the Kaziranga-Orang-Burachapori Tiger Corridor.
Recognition as a Tiger Reserve (2016)
Led to increased funding, better surveillance, and habitat management.
Community Participation and Eco-Tourism
Villagers engaged in conservation programs.
Promotion of eco-tourism and nature safaris to reduce dependence on forest resources.
6. Eco-Tourism and Adventure Activities
Jeep Safari & Rhino Spotting: Tourists can spot rhinos, elephants, and tigers in open grasslands.
Boat Safari on Brahmaputra River: For birdwatching and spotting freshwater dolphins.
Birdwatching Tours: Especially popular for Bengal Florican, Kingfishers, and Pelicans.
Nature Walks and Wildlife Photography.
Dibru-Saikhowa National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Situated in eastern Assam, along the southern banks of the Brahmaputra River.
Districts Covered: Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 27°30′N to 27°45′N and 95°10′E to 95°45′E.
Total Area: 765 sq. km (National Park: 340 sq. km, Biosphere Reserve: 425 sq. km).
Landscape Features:
Located in the Brahmaputra floodplains.
Consists of swamp forests, grasslands, wetlands, and riverine islands.
Famous for its ever-changing riverine ecosystem and numerous river channels.
2. Year of Establishment
Declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary: 1986.
Declared as a National Park: 1999.
Declared as a Biosphere Reserve: 1997 (one of the four Biosphere Reserves in Assam).
3. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.
Semi-Evergreen Forests.
Swamp Forests and Grasslands.
Riverine and Wetland Vegetation.
Dominant Plant Species:
Trees: Sal, Sissoo, Hollong, Simul, Kumbhi, and Bamboo.
Aquatic Plants: Water hyacinth, sedges, and floating ferns in wetland areas.
B. Fauna
Mammals
Key Species:
Feral Horses (Descendants of horses left behind by British Army, unique to the park).
Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard (Top predators).
Gangetic River Dolphin (Endangered freshwater species, found in the Brahmaputra and Dibru Rivers).
Hoolock Gibbons (India’s only ape species, found in forested areas).
Asiatic Elephant, Wild Buffalo, Sloth Bear, and Golden Langur.
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
Over 350+ bird species recorded.
Key Bird Species:
White-winged Duck (State Bird of Assam, critically endangered).
Black-breasted Parrotbill, Bengal Florican (critically endangered).
Greater Adjutant Stork, Lesser Adjutant Stork.
Migratory Birds: Bar-headed Goose, Ruddy Shelduck, and White-tailed Eagle.
Reptiles & Amphibians
Indian Python, King Cobra, Monitor Lizard, and Turtles.
4. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Brahmaputra River: Forms the northern boundary of the park.
Dibru River & Saikhowa River: Tributaries that create multiple riverine islands inside the park.
Lohit River: Influences the park’s floodplain ecosystem.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
Dynamic riverine floodplain ecosystem.
Frequent course changes of rivers leading to the formation of islands and wetlands.
Climate:
Humid subtropical climate with high rainfall.
Annual Rainfall: 2300-3800 mm (Heavy monsoonal floods).
Temperatures: Summers (24-34°C), Winters (7-16°C).
5. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Human Encroachment and Illegal Settlements
Increasing human activities along the park’s periphery threaten its biodiversity.
Farming, fishing, and sand mining are rising concerns.
Flooding and Riverbank Erosion
The Brahmaputra’s shifting course results in loss of habitat.
Annual monsoon floods impact both wildlife and park infrastructure.
Poaching and Illegal Logging
Illegal hunting of river dolphins, turtles, and wild buffalo.
Deforestation reduces the habitat of many bird species.
Oil Exploration Threats
The nearby Baghjan oil fields pose a significant risk due to oil leaks and accidental fires.
The 2020 Baghjan Oil Blowout caused severe environmental damage.
B. Conservation Successes
Increased Protection of Feral Horses
The population of feral horses has been successfully conserved despite poaching threats.
Expansion of the Biosphere Reserve
Government efforts have increased the area under protection.
Gangetic Dolphin Conservation Initiatives
Strict anti-poaching measures have helped stabilize dolphin populations.
Successful Bird Conservation Programs
Protection of White-winged Ducks and Bengal Florican has been strengthened.
6. Eco-Tourism and Adventure Activities
Boat Safari on Brahmaputra and Dibru Rivers: Ideal for spotting river dolphins, migratory birds, and riverine landscapes.
Birdwatching Tours: Dibru-Saikhowa is a paradise for birdwatchers.
Jungle Trekking and Nature Walks: Exploring the diverse terrain, forests, and wetlands.
Camping on River Islands: Unique experience due to the park’s ever-changing landscape.
Dehing Patkai National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Located in eastern Assam, near the foothills of the Patkai Hills along the Assam-Arunachal Pradesh border.
Districts Covered: Dibrugarh and Tinsukia districts.
Latitudinal & Longitudinal Coordinates: 27°00′N to 27°15′N and 95°30′E to 95°45′E.
Total Area: 234.26 sq. km (Previously a Wildlife Sanctuary, upgraded to National Park in 2021).
Landscape Features:
Part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.
Dense tropical evergreen rainforest, often called the “Amazon of the East”.
Hilly terrain with rich flora and fauna, multiple rivulets, and high rainfall.
2. Year of Establishment
Declared as a Wildlife Sanctuary: 2004.
Upgraded to National Park: June 2021 (Making it Assam’s 7th National Park).
3. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests (Largest stretch of this forest type in Assam).
Semi-evergreen forests.
Moist deciduous patches in the lower regions.
Dominant Plant Species:
Trees: Hollong (State tree of Assam), Mekai, Nahor, Bhelu, and Kaindal.
Orchids: Abundant varieties found in the dense canopy.
Canopy Structure: Multi-layered forests with thick undergrowth, creepers, and ferns.
B. Fauna
Mammals
Key Species:
Asian Elephant (Common in the park, part of the larger Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve).
Leopard, Clouded Leopard (Vulnerable species), Golden Cat.
Hoolock Gibbon (India’s only ape species, vulnerable).
Malayan Giant Squirrel, Porcupine, and Pangolin.
Chinese Pangolin (Critically endangered species).
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area by BirdLife International)
More than 300 bird species recorded.
Key Bird Species:
Great Hornbill and Wreathed Hornbill (Flagship species for conservation).
Hill Myna, Green Pigeon, and Sultan Tit.
Migratory Birds: Several species of warblers and flycatchers visit seasonally.
Reptiles & Amphibians
King Cobra, Indian Rock Python, Monitor Lizards, and Tree Frogs.
4. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Dehing River: The park is named after this river, which flows through the region.
Dihing and Burhi Dihing Rivers: Major tributaries of the Brahmaputra that nourish the park’s ecosystem.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
Hilly and undulating terrain, part of the Patkai Hill Range.
Dense rainforest with rich biodiversity.
Climate:
Humid subtropical climate with heavy rainfall.
Annual Rainfall: 3800-4000 mm (One of the wettest regions of Assam).
Temperatures: Summers (20-35°C), Winters (7-18°C).
5. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Coal Mining and Deforestation
Illegal coal mining in the nearby Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve has severely impacted the ecosystem.
“Rat-hole” mining and deforestation threaten the forest cover and wildlife habitat.
Encroachment and Habitat Destruction
Expansion of settlements and agricultural land near the park reduces its buffer zone.
Poaching of pangolins, hornbills, and illegal timber logging are major issues.
Human-Wildlife Conflict
Frequent conflicts between elephants and local communities due to habitat fragmentation.
Oil Exploration and Industrial Threats
Oil drilling activities nearby (by ONGC and Coal India Ltd.) raise concerns about pollution.
2020 controversy over proposed coal mining near the sanctuary led to protests and a demand for better conservation measures.
B. Conservation Successes
Upgrade to National Park Status (2021)
Helped improve legal protection and stricter regulations on mining and logging.
Extended area under the protected zone to prevent deforestation.
Better Elephant Conservation Strategies
Part of the larger Dehing Patkai Elephant Reserve, ensuring better wildlife corridors for elephants.
Increased Awareness and Protests Against Mining
Public protests and environmental activism helped stop coal mining approvals in 2020-21.
Improved Eco-Tourism and Sustainable Development
More focus on eco-friendly tourism and nature trails to boost conservation-based tourism.
6. Eco-Tourism and Adventure Activities
Jungle Trekking and Nature Walks: Exploring the rainforests, rivulets, and hilly terrain.
Birdwatching Tours: One of Assam’s best birding destinations.
Wildlife Photography Expeditions: Spotting rare mammals, reptiles, and orchids.
Ethnic Tourism: Visiting nearby tribal villages (Singpho, Tai Phake, and Khamti communities).
River Rafting & Angling: Available in Burhi Dihing River.
Raimona National Park
1. Location and Area
District: Kokrajhar, Assam
Coordinates: Approximately 26.10°N latitude and 89.90°E longitude
Total Area: 422 sq. km
Bordering Regions:
Bhutan’s Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary to the north
Manas National Park to the east
Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary to the south
Ripu-Chirang Reserve Forest to the west
2. Year of Establishment
Declared a National Park on June 5, 2021, marking World Environment Day.
Previously part of the Ripu-Chirang Reserved Forest within the Manas Biosphere Reserve.
3. UNESCO and Other Recognitions
Though not yet designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is a vital extension of the Manas Tiger Reserve, which is a UNESCO-listed site.
Recognized as an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) by BirdLife International.
4. Biodiversity: Flora and Fauna
Flora
Raimona National Park is part of the Eastern Himalayan biodiversity hotspot and features:
Subtropical Moist Deciduous Forests
Semi-evergreen Forests
Bamboo Groves and Grasslands
Dominant Plant Species:
Sal (Shorea robusta)
Teak (Tectona grandis)
Gamari (Gmelina arborea)
Various species of orchids and medicinal plants
Fauna
Category | Key Species Found |
|---|---|
Mammals | Golden Langur, Bengal Tiger, Indian Elephant, Indian Gaur, Clouded Leopard, Wild Boar, Leopard Cat |
Birds | Rufous-necked Hornbill, White-winged Duck, Wreathed Hornbill, Great Hornbill, Himalayan Griffon |
Reptiles | King Cobra, Indian Rock Python, Monitor Lizard |
Amphibians | Tree Frogs, Toads, Salamanders |
Insects | Rare species of butterflies and beetles |
5. Major Rivers and Terrain
Main Rivers: Saralbhanga, Sankosh, and Ripu, which provide essential water sources for the wildlife.
Landscape Features: Rolling grasslands, dense forests, riverine habitats, and wetland ecosystems.
6. Conservation Challenges and Successes
Challenges
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Elephant movement often leads to crop damage in nearby villages.
Illegal Poaching and Encroachment: Threats to rare species such as the Golden Langur and Bengal Tiger.
Deforestation and Habitat Loss: Unregulated extraction of forest resources.
Successes
Inclusion in Manas Tiger Reserve: Ensuring better protection under Project Tiger.
Community-Based Conservation: Engagement of local Bodo tribes in eco-tourism and conservation efforts.
Anti-Poaching Measures: Enhanced patrolling and stricter wildlife protection enforcement.
7. Eco-Tourism and Significance
Tourism Potential: Offers adventure trekking, birdwatching, and eco-campsites.
Cultural Importance: Home to indigenous Bodo tribes with a rich cultural heritage.
Connectivity: Well-connected to Kokrajhar town and nearby wildlife reserves.
Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park
1. Location and Area
Geographical Location: Located in Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR), Assam.
Districts Covered: Kokrajhar and Chirang districts.
Bordering Protected Areas: Lies between Manas National Park (east) and Raimona National Park (west), forming a vital wildlife corridor.
Total Area: 300 sq. km.
Landscape Features:
Dense tropical forests, riverine landscapes, and grasslands.
Part of the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot.
2. Year of Establishment
Declared as Assam’s 8th National Park: February 16, 2025.
3. Biodiversity (Flora and Fauna)
A. Flora
Vegetation Types:
Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests.
Grasslands and Riverine Ecosystems.
Dominant Plant Species:
Hollong, Sal, Teak, Bamboo, and a variety of medicinal plants.
Rich in orchids and epiphytes due to high humidity.
B. Fauna
Mammals
Asian Elephant (Uses the park as a migratory corridor).
Royal Bengal Tiger.
Golden Langur (Endangered species, also the mascot of BTR).
Leopard, Indian Gaur, Barking Deer, and Wild Boar.
Avifauna (Birdlife – Important Bird Area)
Great Indian Hornbill, Wreathed Hornbill, and Hill Myna.
Over 300 bird species, including migratory and resident birds.
Reptiles & Amphibians
King Cobra, Python, Monitor Lizards, and Tree Frogs.
Invertebrates
Home to 460+ species of butterflies.
4. Major Rivers and Terrain
A. Major Rivers
Saralbhanga River (locally called Swrmanga):
Forms a natural boundary with Raimona National Park.
B. Terrain & Climate
Landscape:
Hilly terrain with riverine forests, grasslands, and wetlands.
Climate:
Tropical monsoon climate.
Annual Rainfall: 2500-4000 mm.
Temperatures: Summers (20-35°C), Winters (8-18°C).
5. Conservation Challenges and Successes
A. Conservation Challenges
Deforestation and Illegal Logging.
Encroachment and Agricultural Expansion.
Poaching of Elephants and Golden Langurs.
Human-Wildlife Conflicts (Elephant raids on crops).
B. Conservation Successes
Declared a National Park to enhance legal protection.
Increased wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching measures.
Part of a transboundary conservation effort with Bhutan.
6. Eco-Tourism and Adventure Activities
Jungle Safaris and Nature Walks.
Birdwatching Expeditions.
Ethnic Tourism (Bodo culture, eco-lodges).
Trekking and River Activities along Saralbhanga River.
National Parks and Conservation Efforts
Protected Area Management in Assam
The management of protected areas in Assam is undertaken by the Assam Forest Department in collaboration with national and international agencies. Conservation strategies include habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, community involvement, and scientific research. The state government implements various policies to mitigate human-wildlife conflict and promote sustainable tourism.
Eco-sensitive Zones Around National Parks
Eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) are buffer areas surrounding national parks to regulate developmental activities and prevent environmental degradation. These zones help in protecting wildlife corridors and minimizing the impact of human activities on national parks.
| National Park | Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) Range |
| Kaziranga National Park | 500m to 10 km |
| Manas National Park | 2 km to 10 km |
| Dibru-Saikhowa National Park | 3 km |
| Nameri National Park | 1 km |
| Orang National Park | 500m to 2 km |
Wildlife Corridors
Wildlife corridors are crucial for maintaining genetic diversity and allowing the free movement of species between protected areas. Notable corridors in Assam include:
Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong Corridor: Facilitates the movement of elephants and tigers.
Manas–Buxa Corridor: Connects Assam and West Bengal for transboundary wildlife movement.
Dehing Patkai–Namdapha Corridor: Important for the movement of species between Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Challenges in Conservation
Assam faces several challenges in wildlife conservation, including:
Poaching: Illegal hunting of rhinos, elephants, and tigers remains a major issue.
Encroachments: Human settlements and agriculture in buffer zones impact wildlife habitats.
Climate Change: Increasing floods, habitat loss, and altered migration patterns due to climate variability.
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Crop damage and attacks on humans by displaced animals.
Government and International Initiatives
The government has launched various conservation programs to protect national parks and their biodiversity. Key initiatives include:
Project Tiger: Launched in 1973 to protect Bengal Tigers; Manas and Kaziranga are part of this initiative.
Project Elephant: Aims at the protection of elephants and their corridors; Assam plays a crucial role due to its elephant population.
Ramsar Sites: Wetlands of international importance; Deepor Beel in Assam is a Ramsar Site.
UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Kaziranga and Manas National Parks are UNESCO-listed for their outstanding biodiversity and conservation efforts.
Recent Developments and Current Affairs: National Parks in Assam
1. Newest National Park
As of February 2025, Assam has officially designated its eighth national park:
Sikhna Jwhwlao National Park: Notified by the Assam Cabinet on February 16, 2025, this park spans approximately 316 square kilometers along the India-Bhutan border, encompassing areas in Kokrajhar and Chirang districts. It serves as a crucial wildlife corridor between Manas National Park to the east and Raimona National Park to the west.
2. Latest Census and Conservation Reports
Recent wildlife surveys in Assam’s national parks have yielded positive trends:
Elephant Population Estimation (2024): The survey recorded a total of 5,828 elephants, indicating a stable population with a positive growth trend. The adult female to calf ratio stands at approximately 0.49, reflecting a strong reproductive rate and successful conservation efforts.
Kaziranga National Park Tourism (2024): The UNESCO World Heritage site reported a surge in tourist arrivals, with 220,000 visitors in 2024, compared to 136,000 in 2023. This influx generated approximately ₹5.7 crore in revenue over three months, highlighting the park’s growing appeal.
3. Supreme Court and National Green Tribunal (NGT) Orders
Recent judicial interventions concerning Assam’s national parks include:
Industrial Encroachment Near Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary: In August 2024, the NGT ordered a joint committee to investigate alleged industrial activities, including the establishment of brick kilns, cement factories, and stone quarries within the proposed eco-sensitive zone of Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary in Morigaon, Assam.
Kaziranga National Park: The NGT recently dismissed a petition against luxury hotels near Kaziranga National Park, sparking controversy among legal experts and environmentalists.
4. Role of NGOs and International Organizations
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and international bodies play a pivotal role in the conservation of Assam’s national parks through:
Community Engagement and Conservation: Purnima Devi Barman, a dedicated conservationist, has been instrumental in protecting the endangered greater adjutant stork in Assam. Through her “Hargila Army,” comprising around 20,000 women, the stork’s population has risen from approximately 450 in 2007 to over 1,800 by 2025.
Technological Interventions: The conservation group Aaranyak developed the “Haati App” (Elephant App) to prevent human-elephant conflicts. This mobile application alerts villagers and farmers about the presence of elephants near human settlements, helping to reduce fatal encounters.
Research and Advocacy: Organizations like Aaranyak conduct scientific research, provide environmental education, and advocate for policy reforms to foster biodiversity conservation in Northeast India.
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