Shankardev Tithi

Index

1. Introduction
1.1 Overview of Shankardev Tithi
1.2 Significance in Assamese Culture and Bhakti Movement

2. Life and Legacy of Srimanta Shankardev
2.1 Early Life and Birthplace
2.2 Major Teachings and Contributions
2.3 Role in the Neo-Vaishnavism Movement

3. Historical and Religious Context
3.1 Influence of Bhakti Movement in India
3.2 Comparison with Other Bhakti Saints
3.3 Evolution of Vaishnavism in Assam

4. Celebration of Shankardev Tithi
4.1 Date and Observance (According to Assamese Calendar)
4.2 Locations of Major Celebrations
4.3 Participation of Satras and Namghars

5. Role of Shankardev in Assamese Culture
5.1 Influence on Assamese Literature and Poetry
5.2 Contributions to Music (Borgeet) and Performing Arts (Ankiya Naat, Bhaona)
5.3 Architectural and Artistic Influence – Namghars and Satras

6. Major Rituals and Traditions of Shankardev Tithi
6.1 Recitation of Kirtan Ghosha and Bhagavata Purana
6.2 Bhajans, Borgeet, and Spiritual Discourses
6.3 Religious Plays and Bhaona Performances

7. Social and Cultural Impact of Shankardev
7.1 Unification of Assamese Society Through Ek-Sarana Dharma
7.2 Influence on Social Reforms and Caste Equality
7.3 Role in Strengthening Assamese Identity and Heritage

8. Influence on Assamese Literature and Art
8.1 Key Literary Works (e.g., Kirtan Ghosha, Gunamala)
8.2 Development of the Assamese Script and Language
8.3 Promotion of Handloom, Masks, and Traditional Art Forms

9. Comparison with Other Bhakti Saints and Movements
9.1 Shankardev vs. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
9.2 Parallels with Kabir, Mirabai, and Tulsidas
9.3 Bhakti Movement’s Influence in North vs. South India

10. Recognition and Legacy
10.1 Government Initiatives to Preserve Shankardev’s Teachings
10.2 Establishment of Shankardev Kalakshetra and Satras
10.3 Impact on Modern Assamese Society

11. Challenges and Future Prospects
11.1 Declining Awareness Among Younger Generations
11.2 Modernization and Its Impact on Traditional Celebrations
11.3 Role of Digital Media in Spreading His Teachings

12. Conclusion
12.1 Relevance of Shankardev’s Teachings in Contemporary Society
12.2 Importance of Preserving and Promoting Assamese Cultural Heritage

1. Introduction

1.1 Overview of Shankardev Tithi

Shankardev Tithi is an annual religious observance honoring Srimanta Shankardev, the revered saint-scholar and social reformer of Assam.
Celebrated on the birth anniversary of Shankardev, following the Assamese lunar calendar.
The day is marked with spiritual, cultural, and literary programs at various Namghars and Satras across Assam.
Devotees participate in prayers, hymns, discourses, and performances of Shankardev’s literary and artistic contributions.

1.2 Significance in Assamese Culture and Bhakti Movement

Shankardev’s teachings laid the foundation of Neo-Vaishnavism in Assam, promoting monotheism and devotion (Bhakti) towards Lord Krishna.
Established Namghars and Satras, which became the centers of Assamese religious and socio-cultural life.
His movement reformed Assamese society, advocating equality and social harmony beyond caste distinctions.
Influenced Assamese literature, music (Borgeet), dance (Sattriya), and drama (Bhaona), shaping the region’s cultural identity.
Played a crucial role in the Bhakti Movement, drawing parallels with other saints like Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Kabir.

Tabular Representation: Shankardev’s Cultural Contributions

Field	Contribution	Significance
Literature	Kirtan Ghosha, Gunamala	Foundation of Assamese devotional literature
Music	Borgeet	Classical devotional songs in Assam
Theatre	Bhaona, Ankiya Naat	Religious plays with moral teachings
Dance	Sattriya Dance	Classical Indian dance form recognized by Sangeet Natak Akademi
Architecture	Namghars and Satras	Community prayer halls and spiritual centers

Shankardev Tithi serves as a reminder of his immense contributions to Assam’s spiritual, literary, and artistic heritage, keeping his legacy alive through devotional activities and public celebrations.

2. Life and Legacy of Srimanta Shankardev

2.1 Early Life and Birthplace

Born in 1449 in Alipukhuri, Nagaon (Assam) in the Shiromani (Kayastha) family.
Lost his parents at a young age and was raised by his grandfather, Kusumvar Bhuyan.
Studied at the Tol (traditional school) of Mahendra Kandali, where he mastered Sanskrit, philosophy, and scriptures.
His early years were influenced by Hindu epics, Puranas, and Bhagavata Purana, which shaped his spiritual beliefs.

2.2 Major Teachings and Contributions

Advocated monotheism, emphasizing devotion (Bhakti) towards Lord Krishna.
Rejected idol worship and ritualistic practices, promoting Nama-Kirtana (chanting of God’s name) as the path to salvation.
Introduced Namghars (prayer halls) and Satras (monastic institutions) as centers of religious and cultural activities.
Composed Borgeets (devotional songs) and translated sacred Hindu texts like the Bhagavata Purana into Assamese.
Established Bhaona (spiritual theatre) and Ankiya Naat (one-act plays) to educate people on religious teachings.
Created the Sattriya dance form, which was later recognized as a classical Indian dance.

2.3 Role in the Neo-Vaishnavism Movement

Founded the Ekasarana Dharma, a simplified form of Vaishnavism focusing on absolute devotion to Krishna.
His teachings emphasized equality, bringing together different castes, tribes, and classes into a common religious fold.
Opposed the dominance of Brahmanical rituals, making spirituality accessible to all.
His disciple, Madhavdeva, continued spreading his philosophy, ensuring the growth of Neo-Vaishnavism in Assam.
The Bhakti Movement in India saw similar reforms by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Kabir, and Tulsidas, making Shankardev an integral part of the broader movement.

Key Contributions of Srimanta Shankardev

Contribution	Description	Impact
Ekasarana Dharma	A monotheistic Vaishnavite faith	Promoted unity and equality
Namghars & Satras	Religious and socio-cultural institutions	Became centers of Assamese Vaishnavism
Borgeet	Devotional songs	Strengthened Assamese spiritual music
Bhaona & Ankiya Naat	Religious theatrical plays	Spread moral and spiritual messages
Sattriya Dance	Classical dance form of Assam	Recognized as an Indian classical dance
Translation of Bhagavata Purana	Rendered into Assamese	Made sacred texts accessible to common people

Shankardev’s life and legacy continue to shape Assam’s religious, cultural, and artistic heritage, making his Tithi a significant annual observance.

3. Historical and Religious Context

3.1 Influence of Bhakti Movement in India

The Bhakti Movement (8th–17th century) was a spiritual and social reform movement emphasizing devotion (bhakti) over rituals.
Spread across India through saints like Ramananda, Kabir, Mirabai, Tulsidas, and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.
Promoted equality by challenging caste-based discrimination and advocating for direct devotion to God.
Influenced by texts like the Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana, which emphasize pure devotion (Bhakti Yoga).
In Assam, Srimanta Shankardev led the Neo-Vaishnavite movement, integrating Assamese culture with Bhakti principles.

3.2 Comparison with Other Bhakti Saints

Bhakti Saint	Region	Philosophy	Key Contributions
Srimanta Shankardev	Assam	Ekasarana Dharma (monotheistic Vaishnavism)	Namghars, Satras, Borgeets, Bhaona, Sattriya dance
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu	Bengal	Gaudiya Vaishnavism (Krishna Bhakti)	Sankirtana (congregational chanting), promotion of Bhagavata Purana
Kabir	North India	Nirguna Bhakti (formless God)	Criticized ritualism, composed dohas (couplets)
Tulsidas	North India	Rama Bhakti	Wrote Ramcharitmanas, popularized Lord Rama worship
Ramananda	North India	Vishnu Bhakti, Social Equality	Accepted disciples from all castes, influenced Kabir and others

3.3 Evolution of Vaishnavism in Assam

Before Shankardev’s Neo-Vaishnavism, Tantric and Shakta traditions were dominant in Assam.
Vaishnavism was introduced in Assam through medieval Hindu influences from Bengal and Odisha.
Shankardev’s reforms:
- Rejected idol worship and emphasized devotion through Nama-Kirtana.
- Established Namghars and Satras, which became centers of Assamese Vaishnavism.
- His teachings blended local folk traditions with Vaishnavite philosophy, making it accessible to all.
Post-Shankardev, his disciple Madhavdeva expanded the Vaishnavite tradition, ensuring its continued influence in Assam.
Over time, the Neo-Vaishnavite tradition influenced Assamese literature, performing arts, and religious practices, shaping the cultural identity of Assam.

4. Celebration of Shankardev Tithi

4.1 Date and Observance (According to Assamese Calendar)

Shankardev Tithi marks the birth anniversary of Srimanta Shankardev.
Observed on the Shukla Paksha Dashami (10th day of the waxing moon) in the Assamese month of Bhada (Bhadrapada).
Corresponds to August-September in the Gregorian calendar.
Celebrated with devotional activities, cultural programs, and community feasts in Assam and beyond.

4.2 Locations of Major Celebrations

Satras (Vaishnavite Monastic Institutions) – Key centers of celebration, established by Shankardev and Madhavdeva.
Namghars (Prayer Halls) – Local village and town Namghars conduct prayers, naam-kirtan, and discourses.
Famous sites of grand celebrations:
- Barpeta Satra – One of the largest Satras in Assam.
- Majuli (World’s Largest River Island) – Houses multiple ancient Satras.
- Bordowa (Nagaon District) – Birthplace of Srimanta Shankardev, hosts large-scale events.
- Dhubri Satra – Known for its historical association with Vaishnavism.
- Guwahati and Other Urban Centers – Cultural organizations conduct discourses and musical events.

4.3 Participation of Satras and Namghars

Institution	Role in the Celebration
Satras	Conduct Naam-Kirtan, religious discourses, community feasts, and Bhaona performances (traditional drama).
Namghars	Serve as community centers for prayers, storytelling on Shankardev’s life, and Bhakti songs.
Educational Institutions	Schools and universities organize essay writing, debates, and lectures on Shankardev’s contributions.
Cultural Organizations	Host Sattriya dance performances, Borgeet singing, and theatrical depictions of Vaishnavite stories.

The festival is not just religious but also cultural, strengthening Assamese identity and heritage.

5. Role of Shankardev in Assamese Culture

5.1 Influence on Assamese Literature and Poetry

Shankardev played a pioneering role in Assamese literature and poetry, shaping the Vaishnavite literary tradition.
Translated Bhagavata Purana and wrote devotional texts in Assamese and Brajavali (a literary dialect).
Composed Kirtan Ghosa and Gunamala, which are core religious texts for Assamese Vaishnavites.
His poetic works simplified religious philosophy for common people, promoting Bhakti (devotion) over rituals.

5.2 Contributions to Music (Borgeet) and Performing Arts (Ankiya Naat, Bhaona)

Art Form	Description	Shankardev’s Contribution
Borgeet	Devotional songs composed in classical raga-based melodies.	Introduced Borgeet, rich in spiritual and poetic depth.
Ankiya Naat	One-act plays with religious themes.	Wrote plays like ‘Chihna Yatra’, ‘Parijat Haran’, and ‘Rukmini Haran’.
Bhaona	Dramatic performances with music, dance, and dialogues.	Established Bhaona as a medium for spreading Vaishnavite ideals.

These artistic forms strengthened Assamese identity and played a key role in religious and cultural revival.

5.3 Architectural and Artistic Influence – Namghars and Satras

Introduced Namghars (community prayer halls) and Satras (Vaishnavite monastic institutions), which became centers of spiritual, social, and cultural life.
Architectural simplicity with a focus on spirituality, devotion, and community participation.
Satras evolved into centers of Assamese art, literature, and education, preserving manuscripts, paintings, and cultural traditions.

Institution	Purpose
Namghar	Public prayer halls for religious gatherings and kirtan sessions.
Satra	Monastic institutions fostering Assamese culture, literature, and performing arts.

His architectural and artistic contributions continue to shape Assamese religious and social structures today.

6. Major Rituals and Traditions of Shankardev Tithi

6.1 Recitation of Kirtan Ghosha and Bhagavata Purana

Kirtan Ghosha, composed by Shankardev, is recited in Namghars as part of devotional practices.
Verses from the Bhagavata Purana are read to highlight Vaishnavite philosophy and Bhakti ideals.
The recitations emphasize moral values, devotion to Lord Krishna, and communal harmony.

6.2 Bhajans, Borgeet, and Spiritual Discourses

Devotees perform Bhajans and sing Borgeet (devotional songs) to invoke divine blessings.
The Borgeet, composed by Shankardev and Madhavdev, follow classical raga structures.
Spiritual discourses by Vaishnavite scholars focus on Shankardev’s teachings, unity, and devotion.

Ritual	Purpose	Key Features
Bhajans & Borgeet	Musical devotion to Lord Krishna.	Based on classical ragas, sung in Namghars & Satras.
Spiritual Discourses	Teachings of Shankardev and Vaishnavism.	Delivered by scholars and Satradhikars.

6.3 Religious Plays and Bhaona Performances

Bhaona (theatrical performances) depict mythological and religious stories.
Popular plays include ‘Parijat Haran’, ‘Keligopal’, and ‘Rukmini Haran’, all centered around Lord Krishna’s life.
Performers wear traditional masks and costumes, accompanied by drums (Khol) and cymbals (Taal).
Bhaona serves as a medium to spread Shankardev’s teachings in a dramatic and engaging way.

This structured observance of Shankardev Tithi ensures that his spiritual and cultural legacy remains alive in Assamese society.

7. Social and Cultural Impact of Shankardev

7.1 Unification of Assamese Society Through Ek-Sarana Dharma

Ek-Sarana Dharma (Doctrine of Sole Refuge) promoted monotheistic devotion to Lord Krishna, eliminating ritualistic complexities.
Encouraged a casteless society, fostering social harmony and collective religious identity.
Established Namghars (prayer halls) as centers of community gathering and spiritual learning.

7.2 Influence on Social Reforms and Caste Equality

Advocated abolition of caste-based discrimination, allowing all social groups to participate in religious practices.
Opposed idol worship and priestly dominance, making Vaishnavism accessible to common people.
Promoted education through literary works, ensuring religious and moral upliftment of society.

Aspect	Impact of Shankardev’s Teachings
Caste System	Challenged caste hierarchy, promoting equality.
Religious Practices	Simplified worship with Namghars & Kirtans instead of rituals.
Social Reforms	Advocated women’s participation, mass education, and unity.

7.3 Role in Strengthening Assamese Identity and Heritage

Standardized Assamese language through his literary contributions (Kirtan Ghosha, Borgeet, Ankiya Naat).
Revitalized Assamese culture by developing Bhaona (religious theatre) and Satras (Vaishnavite monasteries).
His movement fostered a distinct Assamese identity, linking spiritual, cultural, and linguistic unity.

Shankardev’s influence remains deeply embedded in Assam’s social fabric, ensuring cultural continuity and societal cohesion.

8. Influence on Assamese Literature and Art

8.1 Key Literary Works (e.g., Kirtan Ghosha, Gunamala)

Kirtan Ghosha: A collection of devotional verses summarizing the Bhagavata Purana.
Gunamala: A concise poetic rendition of the Bhagavata, written in a single night.
Other notable works: Ankiya Naat (one-act plays) like Rukmini Haran and Parijat Haran.
His writings played a crucial role in popularizing Vaishnavism and Assamese as a literary language.

8.2 Development of the Assamese Script and Language

Standardized Assamese script, making religious and literary texts more accessible to the masses.
Simplified language style, moving away from Sanskrit dominance to create a vernacular literary tradition.
His works laid the foundation for modern Assamese prose, poetry, and drama.

Aspect	Shankardev’s Contribution
Language	Standardized Assamese script, promoted vernacular writing.
Literature	Created a rich body of devotional and dramatic works.
Religious Influence	Used literature to spread Neo-Vaishnavism.

8.3 Promotion of Handloom, Masks, and Traditional Art Forms

Encouraged weaving of handloom fabrics, especially the use of religious motifs in textiles.
Introduced mask-making (used in Bhaona performances) to depict mythological characters.
Developed traditional paintings and murals, enriching Assamese visual arts.

Shankardev’s influence in literature, language, and art remains a cornerstone of Assamese cultural heritage.

9. Comparison with Other Bhakti Saints and Movements

9.1 Shankardev vs. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

Both were key figures in the Bhakti Movement and promoted Vaishnavism.
Shankardev emphasized Ek-Sarana Dharma (exclusive devotion to one deity, Vishnu) and established Namghars and Satras.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu focused on Gaudiya Vaishnavism, emphasizing Krishna Bhakti and the Hare Krishna movement.
Cultural Influence: Shankardev’s influence was strong in Assam, while Chaitanya’s impact extended across Bengal and Odisha.

Aspect	Shankardev	Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Philosophy	Ek-Sarana Dharma (monotheism)	Gaudiya Vaishnavism (Krishna-centered devotion)
Religious Centers	Namghars, Satras	Mathas (monasteries)
Cultural Contributions	Bhaona, Borgeet, Ankiya Naat	Sankirtan (group chanting)

9.2 Parallels with Kabir, Mirabai, and Tulsidas

Kabir: Like Shankardev, he rejected caste barriers and emphasized devotion over rituals.
Mirabai: Both Mirabai and Shankardev promoted devotional songs; however, Mirabai’s focus was on Krishna, while Shankardev’s devotion was to Vishnu in the form of Krishna.
Tulsidas: Both used vernacular languages to make religious texts accessible to common people.

Bhakti Saint	Key Contribution	Similarities with Shankardev
Kabir	Criticized rituals, caste system	Emphasis on devotion over orthodoxy
Mirabai	Krishna Bhakti through poetry	Use of devotional songs (Borgeet)
Tulsidas	Wrote Ramcharitmanas in Awadhi	Use of vernacular language for religious texts

9.3 Bhakti Movement’s Influence in North vs. South India

North India: Saints like Kabir, Tulsidas, and Guru Nanak challenged Brahminical rituals and promoted Bhakti poetry.
South India: Alvars and Nayanars played a role in Vaishnavism and Shaivism, emphasizing temple worship and personal devotion.
Shankardev’s Contribution: His Neo-Vaishnavism movement shaped Assamese culture, similar to how the Bhakti movement shaped different regions of India.

Shankardev’s Bhakti movement in Assam was deeply rooted in local traditions, yet aligned with broader Bhakti ideals across India.

10. Recognition and Legacy

10.1 Government Initiatives to Preserve Shankardev’s Teachings

Promotion of Neo-Vaishnavism: The Assam Government and cultural bodies actively work to preserve Shankardev’s spiritual and literary heritage.
Inclusion in Academics: His contributions are part of the school and university curriculum in Assam.
Commemorative Events: Annual celebrations and seminars are organized to discuss his teachings and philosophy.
National Recognition:
- Issuance of postage stamps in his honor.
- Establishment of research centers and scholarships in his name.

10.2 Establishment of Shankardev Kalakshetra and Satras

Shankardev Kalakshetra (Guwahati):
- Established in 1998, it serves as a cultural hub showcasing Assamese art, dance, literature, and Vaishnavite heritage.
- Houses a museum, auditorium, and library dedicated to Assamese history and Shankardev’s contributions.
Satras (Vaishnavite Monastic Institutions):
- Function as religious, educational, and cultural centers.
- Notable Satras: Majuli Satra, Barpeta Satra, Auniati Satra.
- Play a role in preserving Borgeet, Bhaona, and Ankiya Naat.

Institution	Location	Purpose
Shankardev Kalakshetra	Guwahati	Promotion of Assamese art, culture, and Neo-Vaishnavism
Majuli Satra	Majuli Island	Hub of Vaishnavite traditions and performing arts
Barpeta Satra	Barpeta	Religious and social center promoting Shankardev’s teachings

10.3 Impact on Modern Assamese Society

Cultural Identity: Shankardev’s legacy remains a pillar of Assamese cultural heritage.
Social Reforms: His teachings on equality and devotion continue to inspire religious and social harmony.
Tourism and Economy:
- Satras attract pilgrims and scholars, boosting cultural tourism.
- Festivals like Ras Leela and Bhaona performances promote Assamese heritage on a global scale.
Contemporary Influence: His literary works and Borgeet are still performed in Namghars and Assamese households.

Shankardev’s influence is deeply embedded in Assam’s spiritual, literary, and social framework, ensuring that his legacy endures through government initiatives and public reverence.

11. Challenges and Future Prospects

11.1 Declining Awareness Among Younger Generations

Urbanization and Lifestyle Changes: Reduced interaction with traditional institutions like Satras and Namghars.
Education System: Limited inclusion of Shankardev’s contributions in national curricula outside Assam.
Migration and Cultural Detachment: Younger Assamese population moving outside the state results in weakening cultural roots.
Lack of Interest: Modern youth show greater inclination towards global pop culture rather than traditional values.

11.2 Modernization and Its Impact on Traditional Celebrations

Commercialization of Festivals:
- Bhaona and Ankiya Naat, once sacred performances, are now commercialized events.
- Reduction in authentic Vaishnavite theatrical traditions.
Decreasing Participation in Religious Institutions:
- Lesser engagement in Satra-based education and traditional discourses.
- Shrinking numbers of monks (Bhakats) in Namghars.
Influence of Globalization:
- Increasing preference for Western music, literature, and lifestyle over indigenous traditions.
- Vaishnavite attire, rituals, and language usage declining in modern Assamese households.

Aspect	Traditional Influence	Modern Challenges
Bhaona & Ankiya Naat	Religious storytelling and moral teachings	Reduced authenticity and commercialization
Namghars & Satras	Spiritual and cultural learning centers	Declining participation of youth
Borgeet & Kirtan	Devotional music fostering unity	Limited presence in contemporary Assamese music

11.3 Role of Digital Media in Spreading His Teachings

Online Educational Content: YouTube, podcasts, and social media platforms are now being used to popularize Shankardev’s philosophy.
Digitization of Literary Works: Texts like Kirtan Ghosha and Gunamala are now available in e-books and online archives.
Cultural Revival Through Virtual Platforms:
- Bhaona performances streamed online.
- Vaishnavite discourses conducted via Zoom and Facebook Live.
Government and Community Initiatives:
- Online projects for archiving manuscripts, music, and artworks.
- Use of Assamese language in digital spaces to keep traditions alive.

12. Conclusion

12.1 Relevance of Shankardev’s Teachings in Contemporary Society

Promotion of Social Harmony:
- His philosophy of Ek-Sarana Dharma emphasized equality, unity, and devotion, which remains relevant in today’s divided world.
- Inclusivity and caste reform concepts are significant for modern social justice movements.
Moral and Ethical Values:
- Teachings focus on simple living, devotion, and self-discipline, which can guide youth in modern materialistic society.
Cultural Identity and Assamese Renaissance:
- His contributions to language, literature, art, and music continue to shape Assamese identity.
- Need to incorporate his literary works in mainstream education to preserve his intellectual legacy.
Environmental and Sustainable Practices:
- Vaishnavite traditions of minimalism and ecological balance are aligned with contemporary ideas of sustainable living.

12.2 Importance of Preserving and Promoting Assamese Cultural Heritage

Role of Educational Institutions:
- Need for inclusion of Shankardev’s contributions in national and state syllabi.
- Research and academic studies on his impact should be encouraged.
Revival of Traditional Art Forms:
- Bhaona, Borgeet, and Ankiya Naat should be actively promoted through media and cultural institutions.
- Financial and policy support required for Satras and Namghars.
Global Recognition and Digital Outreach:
- Use of social media, documentaries, and online repositories to make Shankardev’s legacy more accessible worldwide.
- Translation of his works into multiple Indian and foreign languages.
Community and Government Initiatives:
- Organizing festivals, seminars, and exhibitions to create awareness.
- Government schemes and funding for artists, researchers, and institutions preserving Assamese heritage.

Aspect	Challenges	Preservation Efforts
Literary Works	Limited academic focus	Inclusion in education, digital archives
Performing Arts	Declining audience interest	Reviving Bhaona, Borgeet through media
Cultural Institutions	Financial and structural neglect	Government and community support for Satras
Global Outreach	Limited international awareness	Digital platforms, multilingual translations

Citations:

Neog, M. (1980). Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam. Motilal Banarsidass.
Baruah, S.L. (1999). A Comprehensive History of Assam. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
Sharma, T. (2007). Srimanta Sankaradeva: Vaishnavism and Satra Institution of Assam. Anundoram Borooah Institute.
Bhuyan, S.K. (1957). Katha Guru Charit (An Account of Shankardev’s Life). Govt. of Assam.
Pathak, D. (2016). Shankardev and Assamese Identity. Bhabani Books.

Assam Government Official Website. Srimanta Shankardev and Vaishnavism in Assam.